ოთხშაბათი, აპრილი 15, 2026
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Global Ingredient Risk Index Excipient

Xylitol

D-Xylitol

Also known as: xylitol, birch sugar, wood sugar, E967

MODERATE RISK 4.0/10 How?

This ingredient is classified as unclassified risk (GIRI score: 4.0/10).

02

Safety Profile

Known Safety Concerns

  • EXTREMELY TOXIC TO DOGS -- keep all xylitol products away from pets
  • Osmotic laxative and GI distress at high doses in humans
  • Additive laxative effect when combined with other sugar alcohols
  • Generally safe for humans at supplement doses -- pet safety is the primary concern

Contraindications

  • EXTREMELY TOXIC TO DOGS -- keep all xylitol products away from pets
  • Osmotic laxative and GI distress at high doses in humans
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03

Interactions

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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04

Evidence and Scientific Findings

Overview

Ingredient Overview

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol with dental benefits in oral care products. In supplements it serves as a sweetener. CRITICALLY: xylitol is extremely toxic to dogs — as little as 0.1 g per kg body weight causes life-threatening hypoglycemia and liver failure. While safe for humans, xylitol-containing supplements must be kept away from pets. Osmotic laxative effect at high doses in humans.

Classification

Biological and Chemical Classification

Scientific Name
D-Xylitol
Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Dosage

Recommended Dosage

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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05

SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index

SETI Score 50/100
Risk Level High risk
Scientific Confidence Low
Evidence Strength Limited
Key Benefit Excipient
Key Safety Concern EXTREMELY TOXIC TO DOGS -- keep all xylitol products away from pets
Evidence Reviewed 10 PubMed studies
Scientific Confidence Low
Based on study quality, consistency, and recency

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

SETI Score 50/100
Risk Level High risk
Evidence Strength Limited
Main Benefit Excipient
Main Safety Concern EXTREMELY TOXIC TO DOGS -- keep all xylitol products away from pets
Ingredient Xylitol
Scientific name D-Xylitol
Scientific Evidence Overview
  • 10 studies reviewed
  • 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
  • Main clinical benefit observed: Excipient
  • Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)
Safety Signals
  • EXTREMELY TOXIC TO DOGS -- keep all xylitol products away from pets
  • Osmotic laxative and GI distress at high doses in humans
  • Additive laxative effect when combined with other sugar alcohols
  • Generally safe for humans at supplement doses -- pet safety is the primary concern
Evidence Strength Limited
Final Scientific Assessment

The available scientific evidence for Xylitol indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.

Ingredient Xylitol
Evidence reviewed 10 peer-reviewed studies (last 10 years)
Scientific name D-Xylitol
50 /100

Total SETI Score

High risk
Evidence quality 10/40
Evidence consistency 20/20
Safety signals 0/20
Study recency 10/10
Evidence transparency 10/10

Evidence Summary

  • 10 studies reviewed
  • 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
  • 0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
  • 10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)

Evidence Policy

Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.

Last updated: 24 მარ 2026, 08:55

Evidence Distribution

10 Other / unclassified
  1. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    A Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds in Folium Artemisia argyi Tea from Different Harvest Times. ↗
    PMID 40077546 ↗
    Journal Foods
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40077546/
    Wu H et al.. A Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds in Folium Artemisia argyi Tea from Different Harvest Times.. Foods. 2025. PMID:40077546.
  2. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    d-Xylitol Production from Sugar Beet Press Pulp Hydrolysate with Engineered Aspergillus niger. ↗
    PMID 39770692 ↗
    Journal Microorganisms
    Year 2024
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770692/
    Knesebeck M et al.. d-Xylitol Production from Sugar Beet Press Pulp Hydrolysate with Engineered Aspergillus niger.. Microorganisms. 2024. PMID:39770692.
  3. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Engineering of Aspergillus niger for efficient production of D-xylitol from L-arabinose. ↗
    PMID 39367393 ↗
    Journal Microb Cell Fact
    Year 2024
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367393/
    Ru00fcllke M et al.. Engineering of Aspergillus niger for efficient production of D-xylitol from L-arabinose.. Microb Cell Fact. 2024. PMID:39367393.
  4. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    A comparative analysis of NADPH supply strategies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Production of d-xylitol from d-xylose as a case study. ↗
    PMID 39072283 ↗
    Journal Metab Eng Commun
    Year 2024
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39072283/
    Regmi P et al.. A comparative analysis of NADPH supply strategies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Production of d-xylitol from d-xylose as a case study.. Metab Eng Commun. 2024. PMID:39072283.
  5. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Methods to Activate and Elucidate Complex Endogenous Sugar Metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica. ↗
    PMID 33847990 ↗
    Journal Methods Mol Biol
    Year 2021
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33847990/
    Ryu S et al.. Methods to Activate and Elucidate Complex Endogenous Sugar Metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica.. Methods Mol Biol. 2021. PMID:33847990.
  6. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Impact of Probiotics on the Salivary Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Inflammation-Related Proteins during Short-Term Sugar Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ↗
    PMID 33805894 ↗
    Journal Pathogens
    Year 2021
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33805894/
    Lundtorp-Olsen C et al.. Impact of Probiotics on the Salivary Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Inflammation-Related Proteins during Short-Term Sugar Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial.. Pathogens. 2021. PMID:33805894.
  7. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase from cold-adapted Pseudomonas mandelii. ↗
    PMID 33399820 ↗
    Journal FEMS Microbiol Lett
    Year 2021
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33399820/
    DangThu Q et al.. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase from cold-adapted Pseudomonas mandelii.. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2021. PMID:33399820.
  8. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Synthesis of modified 1,5-imino-d-xylitols as ligands for lysosomal u03b2-glucocerebrosidase. ↗
    PMID 31178604 ↗
    Journal Monatsh Chem
    Year 2019
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31178604/
    Zoidl M et al.. Synthesis of modified 1,5-imino-d-xylitols as ligands for lysosomal u03b2-glucocerebrosidase.. Monatsh Chem. 2019. PMID:31178604.
  9. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Does intratympanic xylitol administration have ototoxic effects in a mouse ear model? ↗
    PMID 30368398 ↗
    Journal Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol
    Year 2018
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30368398/
    Yalcinozan ET et al.. Does intratympanic xylitol administration have ototoxic effects in a mouse ear model?. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018. PMID:30368398.
  10. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Orthoester functionalized N-guanidino derivatives of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-d-xylitol as pH-responsive inhibitors of u03b2-glucocerebrosidase. ↗
    PMID 30108721 ↗
    Journal Medchemcomm
    Year 2017
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30108721/
    Sevu0161ek A et al.. Orthoester functionalized N-guanidino derivatives of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-d-xylitol as pH-responsive inhibitors of u03b2-glucocerebrosidase.. Medchemcomm. 2017. PMID:30108721.
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06

Score Transparency

Q × L × D × S × 10 = 4.0 / 10

The GIRI Score is the product of four independently computed evidence components, each normalised to 0–1, then scaled to 0–10. Every component is derived exclusively from peer-reviewed references and regulatory data — no editorial judgement is applied.

Q
Evidence Quantity 0 / 10
0%

0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.

Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)

L
Evidence Quality 5 / 10
50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies

Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.

D
Evidence Direction 5 / 10
Benefit
Risk
50%

Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals

Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.

S
Safety Signals 5 / 10
50%

One or more monitoring-level safety signals active

Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.

0Q × 5L × 5D × 5S = 4.0 / 10

Final GIRI Score for Xylitol. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Full methodology & data sources

The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.

  • References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
  • Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
  • Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
  • Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
07

Risk Level Classification

MODERATE RISK 4.0/10

Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a moderate safety concern. Caution is advised, particularly at high doses or in sensitive populations.

LOW
0–3.0
MODERATE
3.0–5.5
HIGH
5.5–7.5
CRITICAL
7.5–10
4.0

The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.

What drove the Moderate classification for Xylitol

GIRI Score 4.0 / 10

A score of 4.0 places this ingredient in the Moderate band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Evidence Quantity (Q) 0 / 10 refs

0 approved references.

Evidence Quality (L) 50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).

Evidence Direction (D) 50% toward risk

Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.

Safety Signals (S) 0 active signals

No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.

Regulatory Status No restrictions found

No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).

How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?

The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:

LevelScoreMeaning
LOW0.0 – 2.9Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts.
MODERATE3.0 – 5.4Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups.
HIGH5.5 – 7.4Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended.
CRITICAL7.5 – 10Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision.

Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.

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