Safety Profile
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Interactions
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Evidence and Scientific Findings
Ingredient Overview
Propolis is a bee resin product rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes with broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Generally well tolerated at standard supplemental doses. Allergy to bee products is the primary safety concern — propolis can cause severe allergic reactions including contact dermatitis and, rarely, anaphylaxis in bee-allergic individuals. Avoid in bee product allergy. May have mild anticoagulant properties at high doses.
Biological and Chemical Classification
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Mechanism of Action
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Pharmacokinetics
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Recommended Dosage
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index
Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment
- 10 studies reviewed
- 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
- Main clinical benefit observed: Specialty
- Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)
- No significant safety signals identified in the reviewed literature.
The available scientific evidence for Propolis indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.
Total SETI Score
High risk| Evidence quality | 10/40 |
| Evidence consistency | 20/20 |
| Safety signals | 0/20 |
| Study recency | 10/10 |
| Evidence transparency | 10/10 |
Evidence Summary
- 10 studies reviewed
- 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
- 0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
- 10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)
Evidence Policy
Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.
Last updated: 06 აპრ 2026, 12:10
Evidence Distribution
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWEco-Friendly Combat against Prostate Cancer: Green Chemistry Approach Using Biosynthesized Nanoparticles Functionalized with Propolis for Enhanced Anticancer Activity. ↗Almotairy ARZ et al.. Eco-Friendly Combat against Prostate Cancer: Green Chemistry Approach Using Biosynthesized Nanoparticles Functionalized with Propolis for Enhanced Anticancer Activity.. Oncol Res. 2026. PMID:41930145.PMID 41930145 ↗Journal Oncol ResYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41930145/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWGreen propolis extract replaces salinomycin in the high-concentrate diet of sheep. ↗da Silva NIS et al.. Green propolis extract replaces salinomycin in the high-concentrate diet of sheep.. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2026. PMID:41925932.PMID 41925932 ↗Journal Trop Anim Health ProdYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41925932/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWPropolis nanoemulsion and mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium promote osteoblastogenesis against lipopolysaccharide-induced osteolysis in hyperglycemic rats. ↗Alhasyimi AA et al.. Propolis nanoemulsion and mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium promote osteoblastogenesis against lipopolysaccharide-induced osteolysis in hyperglycemic rats.. Sci Rep. 2026. PMID:41912797.PMID 41912797 ↗Journal Sci RepYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41912797/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWMechanistic Insights into Helicobacter Pylori Urease Inhibition by Poplar Propolis Ethanol Extract. ↗Yuan J et al.. Mechanistic Insights into Helicobacter Pylori Urease Inhibition by Poplar Propolis Ethanol Extract.. J Ethnopharmacol. 2026. PMID:41911984.PMID 41911984 ↗Journal J EthnopharmacolYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41911984/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWClinical Evidence on the Use of Propolis for Oral Mucositis. ↗Assis MM et al.. Clinical Evidence on the Use of Propolis for Oral Mucositis.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026. PMID:41901272.PMID 41901272 ↗Journal Pharmaceuticals (Basel)Year 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41901272/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWInfluence of Propolis-Containing Nonwoven PLGA Dressings on Dermatan and Chondroitin Sulfate Dynamics During Burn-Wound Healing. ↗Orliu0144ska K et al.. Influence of Propolis-Containing Nonwoven PLGA Dressings on Dermatan and Chondroitin Sulfate Dynamics During Burn-Wound Healing.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026. PMID:41901230.PMID 41901230 ↗Journal Pharmaceuticals (Basel)Year 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41901230/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWAnti-Inflammatory Activities of Ocotillol Isolated from Tetragonula iridipennis Propolis: A Study on In Vitro and In Silico Models. ↗Cong NT et al.. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ocotillol Isolated from Tetragonula iridipennis Propolis: A Study on In Vitro and In Silico Models.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026. PMID:41901207.PMID 41901207 ↗Journal Pharmaceuticals (Basel)Year 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41901207/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWNanostructured Lipid Carriers as Physicochemical Modulators of Complex Natural Extracts: Release Behavior and Bile-Induced Remodeling in Biorelevant Media. ↗Carrasco-Rojas J et al.. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Physicochemical Modulators of Complex Natural Extracts: Release Behavior and Bile-Induced Remodeling in Biorelevant Media.. Molecules. 2026. PMID:41900127.PMID 41900127 ↗Journal MoleculesYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41900127/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWMicrowave-Assisted Propolis Extract Attenuates Oxidative-Stress- and Replicative Senescence via NRF2 and Wnt/u03b2-Catenin-TERT Activation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. ↗Shin S et al.. Microwave-Assisted Propolis Extract Attenuates Oxidative-Stress- and Replicative Senescence via NRF2 and Wnt/u03b2-Catenin-TERT Activation in Human Dermal Fibroblasts.. Antioxidants (Basel). 2026. PMID:41897540.PMID 41897540 ↗Journal Antioxidants (Basel)Year 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41897540/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWThe Effect of Topical Propolis Ointment on Severity of Episiotomy Pain and Wound Healing: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. ↗Rafatnia M et al.. The Effect of Topical Propolis Ointment on Severity of Episiotomy Pain and Wound Healing: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.. J Caring Sci. 2025. PMID:41890584.PMID 41890584 ↗Journal J Caring SciYear 2025Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41890584/
Score Transparency
0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.
Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)
Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies
Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.
Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals
Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.
One or more monitoring-level safety signals active
Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.
Final GIRI Score for Propolis. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.
Full methodology & data sources
The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.
- References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
- Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
- Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
- Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
Risk Level Classification
Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a low safety concern under normal conditions of use.
0–3.0
3.0–5.5
5.5–7.5
7.5–10
The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.
What drove the Low classification for Propolis
A score of 2.5 places this ingredient in the Low band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.
0 approved references.
Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).
Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.
No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.
No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).
How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?
The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:
| Level | Score | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| LOW | 0.0 – 2.9 | Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts. |
| MODERATE | 3.0 – 5.4 | Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups. |
| HIGH | 5.5 – 7.4 | Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended. |
| CRITICAL | 7.5 – 10 | Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision. |
Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.