Global Ingredient Risk Index Specialty

Pepper Fruit Extract

Piper nigrum

Also known as: BioPerine, Piperine, Black pepper extract

27 მარ 2026

MODERATE RISK 3.5/10 How?

This ingredient is classified as unclassified risk.

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Black pepper extract standardised for piperine (e.g. BioPerine) is used to enhance bioavailability of other supplements by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic metabolism. This same mechanism can significantly increase blood levels of many medications including anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, anticonvulsants, and chemotherapy drugs — creating unpredictable drug interactions. People on any prescription medication should consult a physician before taking piperine-containing supplements.

Scientific Name: Piper nigrum

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

SETI Score 50/100

Risk Level High risk

Scientific Confidence Low

Evidence Strength Limited

Key Benefit Specialty

Evidence Reviewed 10 PubMed studies

Scientific Confidence Low

Based on study quality, consistency, and recency

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

SETI Score 50/100

Risk Level High risk

Evidence Strength Limited

Main Benefit Specialty

Ingredient Pepper Fruit Extract

Scientific name Piper nigrum

Scientific Evidence Overview

10 studies reviewed
0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
Main clinical benefit observed: Specialty
Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)

Safety Signals

No significant safety signals identified in the reviewed literature.

Evidence Strength Limited

Final Scientific Assessment

The available scientific evidence for Pepper Fruit Extract indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.

Ingredient Pepper Fruit Extract

Evidence reviewed 10 peer-reviewed studies (last 10 years)

Scientific name Piper nigrum

50 /100

Total SETI Score

High risk

Evidence quality	10/40
Evidence consistency	20/20
Safety signals	0/20
Study recency	10/10
Evidence transparency	10/10

Evidence Summary

10 studies reviewed
0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)

Evidence Policy

Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.

Last updated: 06 აპრ 2026, 12:13

Evidence Distribution

10 Other / unclassified

Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Pharmacological evaluation of selected medicinal plant extracts against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: implications for inflammation-associated respiratory infections. ↗

PMID 41936651 ↗

Journal Inflammopharmacology

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41936651/

Afzal A. Pharmacological evaluation of selected medicinal plant extracts against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: implications for inflammation-associated respiratory infections.. Inflammopharmacology. 2026. PMID:41936651.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Overcoming multidrug resistance Acinetobacter baumanii via downregulated virulence factor genes by green fabricated silver Nanoparticles mediated Piper nigrum. ↗

PMID 41936595 ↗

Journal Sci Rep

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41936595/

Mahmood BS et al.. Overcoming multidrug resistance Acinetobacter baumanii via downregulated virulence factor genes by green fabricated silver Nanoparticles mediated Piper nigrum.. Sci Rep. 2026. PMID:41936595.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
In Vitro Evaluation of the Bioactive Potential of Commercial Pepper Essential Oils. ↗

PMID 41828822 ↗

Journal Molecules

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41828822/

Fratianni F et al.. In Vitro Evaluation of the Bioactive Potential of Commercial Pepper Essential Oils.. Molecules. 2026. PMID:41828822.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Piperine-induced AMPK activation and cell cycle arrest: insights from molecular simulations and experimental validation in breast cancer. ↗

PMID 41774315 ↗

Journal Med Oncol

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41774315/

Jan I et al.. Piperine-induced AMPK activation and cell cycle arrest: insights from molecular simulations and experimental validation in breast cancer.. Med Oncol. 2026. PMID:41774315.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Piperine inhibits biofilm formation in co-cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. ↗

PMID 41757472 ↗

Journal Biofouling

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41757472/

Das S et al.. Piperine inhibits biofilm formation in co-cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.. Biofouling. 2026. PMID:41757472.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Rapid Detection of Black Pepper Adulteration with Endogenous and Exogenous Materials: Assessment of Benchtop and Handheld Infrared Spectrometers. ↗

PMID 41750946 ↗

Journal Foods

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750946/

Rentz P et al.. Rapid Detection of Black Pepper Adulteration with Endogenous and Exogenous Materials: Assessment of Benchtop and Handheld Infrared Spectrometers.. Foods. 2026. PMID:41750946.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Identification and characterization of Fusarium species associated with collar rot and yellowing of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). ↗

PMID 41710479 ↗

Journal 3 Biotech

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710479/

Biju CN et al.. Identification and characterization of Fusarium species associated with collar rot and yellowing of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.).. 3 Biotech. 2026. PMID:41710479.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Nanocarrier-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Piperine: Expanding the Therapeutic Spectrum of a Multifaceted Bioactive Compound. ↗

PMID 41691681 ↗

Journal Med Chem

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41691681/

Tripathi D et al.. Nanocarrier-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Piperine: Expanding the Therapeutic Spectrum of a Multifaceted Bioactive Compound.. Med Chem. 2026. PMID:41691681.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Anti-inflammatory Amide-Alkaloid Dimers from the Roots of Piper nigrum L.: Feature-Guided Discovery and Photocatalytic Synthesis. ↗

PMID 41665015 ↗

Journal J Agric Food Chem

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41665015/

Xu ZY et al.. Anti-inflammatory Amide-Alkaloid Dimers from the Roots of Piper nigrum L.: Feature-Guided Discovery and Photocatalytic Synthesis.. J Agric Food Chem. 2026. PMID:41665015.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
A randomized, double-blind, controlled study on the efficacy of an oral dietary supplement containing fish oil, ASU and phytotherapeutic extracts in canine… ↗

PMID 41737916 ↗

Journal Front Vet Sci

Year 2025

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41737916/

Palumbo Piccionello A et al.. A randomized, double-blind, controlled study on the efficacy of an oral dietary supplement containing fish oil, ASU and phytotherapeutic extracts in canine osteoarthritis.. Front Vet Sci. 2025. PMID:41737916.

Q × L × D × S × 10 = 3.5 / 10

The GIRI Score is the product of four independently computed evidence components, each normalised to 0–1, then scaled to 0–10. Every component is derived exclusively from peer-reviewed references and regulatory data — no editorial judgement is applied.

0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.

Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)

50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies

Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.

Benefit

Risk

50%

Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals

Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.

50%

One or more monitoring-level safety signals active

Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.

0Q × 5L × 5D × 5S = 3.5 / 10

Final GIRI Score for Pepper Fruit Extract. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Full methodology & data sources

The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.

References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.

MODERATE RISK 3.5/10

Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a moderate safety concern. Caution is advised, particularly at high doses or in sensitive populations.

LOW
0–3.0

MODERATE
3.0–5.5

HIGH
5.5–7.5

CRITICAL
7.5–10

3.5

The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.

What drove the Moderate classification for Pepper Fruit Extract

A score of 3.5 places this ingredient in the Moderate band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

0 approved references.

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).

Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.

No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.

No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).

How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?

The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:

Level	Score	Meaning
LOW	0.0 – 2.9	Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts.
MODERATE	3.0 – 5.4	Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups.
HIGH	5.5 – 7.4	Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended.
CRITICAL	7.5 – 10	Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision.

Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.

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Pepper Fruit Extract

Safety Profile

Interactions

Evidence and Scientific Findings

Ingredient Overview

Biological and Chemical Classification

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness

Pharmacokinetics

Recommended Dosage

SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

Evidence Summary

Evidence Policy

Evidence Distribution

Score Transparency

Risk Level Classification

What drove the Moderate classification for Pepper Fruit Extract

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