ოთხშაბათი, აპრილი 15, 2026
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Global Ingredient Risk Index Antioxidants

N-Acetylcysteine

Also known as: NAC, N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine, N-acetylcysteine

LOW RISK 2.5/10 How?

This ingredient is classified as unclassified risk (GIRI score: 2.5/10).

02

Safety Profile

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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03

Interactions

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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04

Evidence and Scientific Findings

Overview

Ingredient Overview

NAC is a precursor to glutathione and is used medically as an antidote for paracetamol overdose. As a supplement it is generally safe at 600–1200 mg/day. High doses may cause nausea, vomiting, and headache. It can interact with nitroglycerin, activated charcoal, and certain chemotherapy agents. Inhalation forms can cause bronchospasm.

Classification

Biological and Chemical Classification

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Dosage

Recommended Dosage

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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05

SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index

SETI Score 50/100
Risk Level High risk
Scientific Confidence Low
Evidence Strength Limited
Key Benefit Antioxidants
Evidence Reviewed 10 PubMed studies
Scientific Confidence Low
Based on study quality, consistency, and recency

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

SETI Score 50/100
Risk Level High risk
Evidence Strength Limited
Main Benefit Antioxidants
Ingredient N-Acetylcysteine
Scientific Evidence Overview
  • 10 studies reviewed
  • 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
  • Main clinical benefit observed: Antioxidants
  • Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)
Safety Signals
  • No significant safety signals identified in the reviewed literature.
Evidence Strength Limited
Final Scientific Assessment

The available scientific evidence for N-Acetylcysteine indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.

Ingredient N-Acetylcysteine
Evidence reviewed 10 peer-reviewed studies (last 10 years)
50 /100

Total SETI Score

High risk
Evidence quality 10/40
Evidence consistency 20/20
Safety signals 0/20
Study recency 10/10
Evidence transparency 10/10

Evidence Summary

  • 10 studies reviewed
  • 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
  • 0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
  • 10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)

Evidence Policy

Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.

Last updated: 26 მარ 2026, 13:59

Evidence Distribution

10 Other / unclassified
  1. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Transplant-free survival in dengue-associated acute liver failure: Current evidence and future directions. ↗
    PMID 41884454 ↗
    Journal World J Virol
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41884454/
    Madhwani A et al.. Transplant-free survival in dengue-associated acute liver failure: Current evidence and future directions.. World J Virol. 2026. PMID:41884454.
  2. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Differential Radiosensitivity in T-Cell Subsets: Metabolic and Antioxidative Mechanisms Underlying Nau00efve T-Cell Vulnerability. ↗
    PMID 41881374 ↗
    Journal Radiat Res
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41881374/
    Lin LY et al.. Differential Radiosensitivity in T-Cell Subsets: Metabolic and Antioxidative Mechanisms Underlying Nau00efve T-Cell Vulnerability.. Radiat Res. 2026. PMID:41881374.
  3. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    3D-QSAR study for the development of chalcone-based inhibitors targeting ovarian cancer cells with experimental validation. ↗
    PMID 41878339 ↗
    Journal Front Pharmacol
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41878339/
    Valenzuela-Valderrama M et al.. 3D-QSAR study for the development of chalcone-based inhibitors targeting ovarian cancer cells with experimental validation.. Front Pharmacol. 2026. PMID:41878339.
  4. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    The role of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione in the management of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of oxidative biomarkers and clinical outcomes. ↗
    PMID 41874704 ↗
    Journal Amino Acids
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41874704/
    Mohammed I et al.. The role of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione in the management of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of oxidative biomarkers and clinical outcomes.. Amino Acids. 2026. PMID:41874704.
  5. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Oxidative stress and the therapeutic potential of dietary antioxidants in polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review. ↗
    PMID 41872939 ↗
    Journal J Ovarian Res
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41872939/
    Amer NA et al.. Oxidative stress and the therapeutic potential of dietary antioxidants in polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review.. J Ovarian Res. 2026. PMID:41872939.
  6. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Combined N-acetylcysteine and tranexamic acid attenuate acidosis and fibrinolysis in a swine polytrauma model. ↗
    PMID 41870350 ↗
    Journal J Trauma Acute Care Surg
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41870350/
    Cardoso JMDF et al.. Combined N-acetylcysteine and tranexamic acid attenuate acidosis and fibrinolysis in a swine polytrauma model.. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2026. PMID:41870350.
  7. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Association of vitamin D and N-acetylcysteine supplementation with anxiety, cognition, and biomarkers in generalized anxiety disorder: a retrospective cohort study. ↗
    PMID 41868894 ↗
    Journal Am J Transl Res
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41868894/
    Zhang Y et al.. Association of vitamin D and N-acetylcysteine supplementation with anxiety, cognition, and biomarkers in generalized anxiety disorder: a retrospective cohort study.. Am J Transl Res. 2026. PMID:41868894.
  8. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Paraquat Peril: A Retrospective Study from the Frontlines of a Quaternary Care Hospital in South India. ↗
    PMID 41868073 ↗
    Journal Indian J Crit Care Med
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41868073/
    Neeraj GP et al.. Paraquat Peril: A Retrospective Study from the Frontlines of a Quaternary Care Hospital in South India.. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2026. PMID:41868073.
  9. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    NF-u03baB modulates ROS/JNK signaling to attenuate apoptosis in largemouth bass hepatocytes during recovery from heat stress. ↗
    PMID 41864100 ↗
    Journal J Therm Biol
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41864100/
    Mao W et al.. NF-u03baB modulates ROS/JNK signaling to attenuate apoptosis in largemouth bass hepatocytes during recovery from heat stress.. J Therm Biol. 2026. PMID:41864100.
  10. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Experimental evaluation of N-acetylcysteine against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in rats. ↗
    PMID 41863011 ↗
    Journal BMC Pharmacol Toxicol
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41863011/
    Tola HT et al.. Experimental evaluation of N-acetylcysteine against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in rats.. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2026. PMID:41863011.
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06

Score Transparency

Q × L × D × S × 10 = 2.5 / 10

The GIRI Score is the product of four independently computed evidence components, each normalised to 0–1, then scaled to 0–10. Every component is derived exclusively from peer-reviewed references and regulatory data — no editorial judgement is applied.

Q
Evidence Quantity 0 / 10
0%

0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.

Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)

L
Evidence Quality 5 / 10
50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies

Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.

D
Evidence Direction 5 / 10
Benefit
Risk
50%

Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals

Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.

S
Safety Signals 5 / 10
50%

One or more monitoring-level safety signals active

Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.

0Q × 5L × 5D × 5S = 2.5 / 10

Final GIRI Score for N-Acetylcysteine. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Full methodology & data sources

The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.

  • References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
  • Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
  • Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
  • Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
07

Risk Level Classification

LOW RISK 2.5/10

Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a low safety concern under normal conditions of use.

LOW
0–3.0
MODERATE
3.0–5.5
HIGH
5.5–7.5
CRITICAL
7.5–10
2.5

The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.

What drove the Low classification for N-Acetylcysteine

GIRI Score 2.5 / 10

A score of 2.5 places this ingredient in the Low band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Evidence Quantity (Q) 0 / 10 refs

0 approved references.

Evidence Quality (L) 50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).

Evidence Direction (D) 50% toward risk

Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.

Safety Signals (S) 0 active signals

No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.

Regulatory Status No restrictions found

No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).

How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?

The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:

LevelScoreMeaning
LOW0.0 – 2.9Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts.
MODERATE3.0 – 5.4Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups.
HIGH5.5 – 7.4Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended.
CRITICAL7.5 – 10Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision.

Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.

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