Global Ingredient Risk Index Mineral

Magnesium (Oxide)

Magnesium oxide

Also known as: Magnesium oxide, magnesia, MgO

23 მარ 2026

LOW RISK 2.5/10 How?

This ingredient is classified as unclassified risk (GIRI score: 2.5/10).

Known Safety Concerns

Low bioavailability (~4%) — poor therapeutic value vs. chelated forms
Osmotic laxative effect — frequent GI distress and diarrhoea
Hypermagnesaemia risk in renal impairment
May interact with bisphosphonates and certain antibiotics

Contraindications

Low bioavailability (~4%) — poor therapeutic value vs. chelated forms
Osmotic laxative effect — frequent GI distress and diarrhoea

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Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Magnesium oxide is the least bioavailable form of magnesium (approximately 4% absorption), commonly used as a laxative. It is the cheapest and most common form in supplements despite poor absorption. High doses reliably cause osmotic diarrhoea. The low bioavailability actually limits systemic toxicity but also limits therapeutic benefit.

Scientific Name: Magnesium oxide

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

SETI Score 50/100

Risk Level High risk

Scientific Confidence Low

Evidence Strength Limited

Key Benefit Mineral

Key Safety Concern Low bioavailability (~4%) — poor therapeutic value vs. chelated forms

Evidence Reviewed 10 PubMed studies

Scientific Confidence Low

Based on study quality, consistency, and recency

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

SETI Score 50/100

Risk Level High risk

Evidence Strength Limited

Main Benefit Mineral

Main Safety Concern Low bioavailability (~4%) — poor therapeutic value vs. chelated forms

Ingredient Magnesium (Oxide)

Scientific name Magnesium oxide

Scientific Evidence Overview

10 studies reviewed
0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
Main clinical benefit observed: Mineral
Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)

Safety Signals

Low bioavailability (~4%) — poor therapeutic value vs. chelated forms
Osmotic laxative effect — frequent GI distress and diarrhoea
Hypermagnesaemia risk in renal impairment
May interact with bisphosphonates and certain antibiotics

Evidence Strength Limited

Final Scientific Assessment

The available scientific evidence for Magnesium (Oxide) indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.

Ingredient Magnesium (Oxide)

Evidence reviewed 10 peer-reviewed studies (last 10 years)

Scientific name Magnesium oxide

50 /100

Total SETI Score

High risk

Evidence quality	10/40
Evidence consistency	20/20
Safety signals	0/20
Study recency	10/10
Evidence transparency	10/10

Evidence Summary

10 studies reviewed
0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)

Evidence Policy

Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.

Last updated: 23 მარ 2026, 15:08

Evidence Distribution

10 Other / unclassified

Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Exposure to magnesium oxide nanoparticles induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in fish Megalobrama amblycephala by disrupting magnesium homeostasis. ↗

PMID 41850154 ↗

Journal Aquat Toxicol

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41850154/

Zhang L et al.. Exposure to magnesium oxide nanoparticles induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in fish Megalobrama amblycephala by disrupting magnesium homeostasis.. Aquat Toxicol. 2026. PMID:41850154.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Sustainable synthesis of MgO nanoparticles from Persea americana for cultivar dependent nanostructure, environmental remediation and bioactivity supported by molecular docking. ↗

PMID 41844722 ↗

Journal Sci Rep

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41844722/

Badilli BN et al.. Sustainable synthesis of MgO nanoparticles from Persea americana for cultivar dependent nanostructure, environmental remediation and bioactivity supported by molecular docking.. Sci Rep. 2026. PMID:41844722.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded with 6-Gingerol: A Bioinspired Approach to Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Therapy. ↗

PMID 41836722 ↗

Journal Int J Nanomedicine

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836722/

Kamaraj C et al.. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded with 6-Gingerol: A Bioinspired Approach to Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Therapy.. Int J Nanomedicine. 2026. PMID:41836722.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Tailoring Flame Retardance and Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy/Benzoxazine Mixtures via Aluminum Trihydrate and Ceramic Hybridization. ↗

PMID 41829346 ↗

Journal Polymers (Basel)

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41829346/

Sung KS et al.. Tailoring Flame Retardance and Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy/Benzoxazine Mixtures via Aluminum Trihydrate and Ceramic Hybridization.. Polymers (Basel). 2026. PMID:41829346.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Innovative Lightweight Concrete with Carbonated Magnesium-Based Pellets. ↗

PMID 41828303 ↗

Journal Materials (Basel)

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41828303/

Sahin O et al.. Innovative Lightweight Concrete with Carbonated Magnesium-Based Pellets.. Materials (Basel). 2026. PMID:41828303.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Adult-onset pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B diagnosed by methylation analysis: A case report and diagnostic considerations. ↗

PMID 41824862 ↗

Journal Medicine (Baltimore)

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41824862/

Choi HS et al.. Adult-onset pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B diagnosed by methylation analysis: A case report and diagnostic considerations.. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026. PMID:41824862.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Preparation and Application of Magnesium Oxide-Modified Polymer Microsphere-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Telomerization of 1,3-Butadiene with Carbon Dioxide. ↗

PMID 41818610 ↗

Journal ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41818610/

Song J et al.. Preparation and Application of Magnesium Oxide-Modified Polymer Microsphere-Supported Palladium Catalyst for Telomerization of 1,3-Butadiene with Carbon Dioxide.. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2026. PMID:41818610.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
CO(2) direct air capture in the early hydration stage for light-burned MgO: a low-dimensional agglomeration regime. ↗

PMID 41816846 ↗

Journal Phys Chem Chem Phys

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41816846/

Inoue E et al.. CO(2) direct air capture in the early hydration stage for light-burned MgO: a low-dimensional agglomeration regime.. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2026. PMID:41816846.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
A review on multifunctional applications of MgO nanostructures: from material science to environmental and agricultural innovations. ↗

PMID 41809085 ↗

Journal RSC Adv

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41809085/

Mahiba GGJ et al.. A review on multifunctional applications of MgO nanostructures: from material science to environmental and agricultural innovations.. RSC Adv. 2026. PMID:41809085.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Combined process of magnesium oxide precipitation-extraction for efficient recovery of cobalt and nickel from extraction slag of spent Li-ion batteries. ↗

PMID 41806755 ↗

Journal J Environ Manage

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41806755/

Jiang Z et al.. Combined process of magnesium oxide precipitation-extraction for efficient recovery of cobalt and nickel from extraction slag of spent Li-ion batteries.. J Environ Manage. 2026. PMID:41806755.

Q × L × D × S × 10 = 2.5 / 10

The GIRI Score is the product of four independently computed evidence components, each normalised to 0–1, then scaled to 0–10. Every component is derived exclusively from peer-reviewed references and regulatory data — no editorial judgement is applied.

0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.

Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)

50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies

Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.

Benefit

Risk

50%

Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals

Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.

50%

One or more monitoring-level safety signals active

Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.

0Q × 5L × 5D × 5S = 2.5 / 10

Final GIRI Score for Magnesium (Oxide). Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Full methodology & data sources

The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.

References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.

LOW RISK 2.5/10

Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a low safety concern under normal conditions of use.

LOW
0–3.0

MODERATE
3.0–5.5

HIGH
5.5–7.5

CRITICAL
7.5–10

2.5

The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.

What drove the Low classification for Magnesium (Oxide)

A score of 2.5 places this ingredient in the Low band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

0 approved references.

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).

Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.

No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.

No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).

How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?

The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:

Level	Score	Meaning
LOW	0.0 – 2.9	Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts.
MODERATE	3.0 – 5.4	Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups.
HIGH	5.5 – 7.4	Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended.
CRITICAL	7.5 – 10	Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision.

Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.

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Magnesium (Oxide)

Safety Profile

Known Safety Concerns

Contraindications

Interactions

Evidence and Scientific Findings

Ingredient Overview

Biological and Chemical Classification

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness

Pharmacokinetics

Recommended Dosage

SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

Evidence Summary

Evidence Policy

Evidence Distribution

Score Transparency

Risk Level Classification

What drove the Low classification for Magnesium (Oxide)

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