ხუთშაბათი, აპრილი 16, 2026
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Global Ingredient Risk Index Omega / EFAs

Evening Primrose Oil

Oenothera biennis

Also known as: EPO, GLA oil, Oenothera biennis seed oil

LOW RISK 2.0/10 How?

This ingredient is classified as unclassified risk.

02

Safety Profile

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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03

Interactions

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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04

Evidence and Scientific Findings

Overview

Ingredient Overview

Evening primrose oil is rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), used for inflammation and hormonal balance. Generally well tolerated. May mildly enhance anticoagulant effects and lower seizure threshold. Avoid in epilepsy, with anticoagulants, and before surgery.

Classification

Biological and Chemical Classification

Scientific Name
Oenothera biennis
Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Clinical Evidence

Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Dosage

Recommended Dosage

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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05

SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index

SETI Score 50/100
Risk Level High risk
Scientific Confidence Low
Evidence Strength Limited
Key Benefit Omega / EFAs
Evidence Reviewed 10 PubMed studies
Scientific Confidence Low
Based on study quality, consistency, and recency

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

SETI Score 50/100
Risk Level High risk
Evidence Strength Limited
Main Benefit Omega / EFAs
Ingredient Evening Primrose Oil
Scientific name Oenothera biennis
Scientific Evidence Overview
  • 10 studies reviewed
  • 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
  • Main clinical benefit observed: Omega / EFAs
  • Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)
Safety Signals
  • No significant safety signals identified in the reviewed literature.
Evidence Strength Limited
Final Scientific Assessment

The available scientific evidence for Evening Primrose Oil indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.

Ingredient Evening Primrose Oil
Evidence reviewed 10 peer-reviewed studies (last 10 years)
Scientific name Oenothera biennis
50 /100

Total SETI Score

High risk
Evidence quality 10/40
Evidence consistency 20/20
Safety signals 0/20
Study recency 10/10
Evidence transparency 10/10

Evidence Summary

  • 10 studies reviewed
  • 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
  • 0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
  • 10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)

Evidence Policy

Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.

Last updated: 06 აპრ 2026, 12:12

Evidence Distribution

10 Other / unclassified
  1. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Phytochemical Analysis of Lipid Composition and Biological Activities in the Seeds of Evening Primrose from Bulgaria. ↗
    PMID 41754766 ↗
    Journal Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
    Year 2026
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754766/
    Zheleva A et al.. Phytochemical Analysis of Lipid Composition and Biological Activities in the Seeds of Evening Primrose from Bulgaria.. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026. PMID:41754766.
  2. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Coinfection of Gynura bicolor with a New Strain of Vanilla Distortion Mosaic Virus and a Novel Maculavirus in China. ↗
    PMID 41157562 ↗
    Journal Viruses
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41157562/
    Li Z et al.. Coinfection of Gynura bicolor with a New Strain of Vanilla Distortion Mosaic Virus and a Novel Maculavirus in China.. Viruses. 2025. PMID:41157562.
  3. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    A Comparative Analysis of the Polyphenolic Content and Identification of New Compounds from Oenothera biennis L. Species from the Wild Flora. ↗
    PMID 41157076 ↗
    Journal Molecules
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41157076/
    Bota VB et al.. A Comparative Analysis of the Polyphenolic Content and Identification of New Compounds from Oenothera biennis L. Species from the Wild Flora.. Molecules. 2025. PMID:41157076.
  4. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Natural Oil and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Benefits. ↗
    PMID 40770474 ↗
    Journal Curr Top Med Chem
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40770474/
    Kumari P et al.. Natural Oil and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Benefits.. Curr Top Med Chem. 2025. PMID:40770474.
  5. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Author Correction: Oenothera biennis improves pregnancy outcomes by suppressing inflammation and fibrosis in an intra-uterine adhesion rat model. ↗
    PMID 40588483 ↗
    Journal Sci Rep
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40588483/
    Neykhonji M et al.. Author Correction: Oenothera biennis improves pregnancy outcomes by suppressing inflammation and fibrosis in an intra-uterine adhesion rat model.. Sci Rep. 2025. PMID:40588483.
  6. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Vegetable Oils in Skin Whitening - A Narrative Review. ↗
    PMID 40103463 ↗
    Journal Curr Pharm Des
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40103463/
    Zilles JC et al.. Vegetable Oils in Skin Whitening - A Narrative Review.. Curr Pharm Des. 2025. PMID:40103463.
  7. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Environmental selection underlies distinct distribution patterns of closely related European evening primroses. ↗
    PMID 39910164 ↗
    Journal Sci Rep
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39910164/
    Wou017aniak-Chodacka M et al.. Environmental selection underlies distinct distribution patterns of closely related European evening primroses.. Sci Rep. 2025. PMID:39910164.
  8. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Triterpenoids with bioactivities from Oenothera biennis. ↗
    PMID 39909355 ↗
    Journal Fitoterapia
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39909355/
    Liu J et al.. Triterpenoids with bioactivities from Oenothera biennis.. Fitoterapia. 2025. PMID:39909355.
  9. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    Avicularin is a minor aldose reductase inhibitor in defatted seeds of Oenothera biennis L.: Screening, inhibitory kinetics, and interaction mechanism. ↗
    PMID 39893921 ↗
    Journal Food Chem
    Year 2025
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39893921/
    Huang Y et al.. Avicularin is a minor aldose reductase inhibitor in defatted seeds of Oenothera biennis L.: Screening, inhibitory kinetics, and interaction mechanism.. Food Chem. 2025. PMID:39893921.
  10. Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
    The effect of evening primrose oil on adolescent girl patients with PCOS: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. ↗
    PMID 40255948 ↗
    Journal Avicenna J Phytomed
    Year 2024
    Study type Observational / other
    Evidence strength LOW evidence
    PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40255948/
    Mohammadlo L et al.. The effect of evening primrose oil on adolescent girl patients with PCOS: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study.. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2024. PMID:40255948.
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06

Score Transparency

Q × L × D × S × 10 = 2.0 / 10

The GIRI Score is the product of four independently computed evidence components, each normalised to 0–1, then scaled to 0–10. Every component is derived exclusively from peer-reviewed references and regulatory data — no editorial judgement is applied.

Q
Evidence Quantity 0 / 10
0%

0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.

Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)

L
Evidence Quality 5 / 10
50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies

Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.

D
Evidence Direction 5 / 10
Benefit
Risk
50%

Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals

Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.

S
Safety Signals 5 / 10
50%

One or more monitoring-level safety signals active

Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.

0Q × 5L × 5D × 5S = 2.0 / 10

Final GIRI Score for Evening Primrose Oil. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Full methodology & data sources

The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.

  • References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
  • Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
  • Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
  • Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
07

Risk Level Classification

LOW RISK 2.0/10

Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a low safety concern under normal conditions of use.

LOW
0–3.0
MODERATE
3.0–5.5
HIGH
5.5–7.5
CRITICAL
7.5–10
2.0

The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.

What drove the Low classification for Evening Primrose Oil

GIRI Score 2.0 / 10

A score of 2.0 places this ingredient in the Low band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Evidence Quantity (Q) 0 / 10 refs

0 approved references.

Evidence Quality (L) 50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).

Evidence Direction (D) 50% toward risk

Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.

Safety Signals (S) 0 active signals

No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.

Regulatory Status No restrictions found

No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).

How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?

The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:

LevelScoreMeaning
LOW0.0 – 2.9Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts.
MODERATE3.0 – 5.4Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups.
HIGH5.5 – 7.4Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended.
CRITICAL7.5 – 10Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision.

Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.

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