Global Ingredient Risk Index Botanical

Cayenne Pepper

Capsicum annuum

Also known as: Capsaicin, Cayenne extract, Red pepper, Capsicum

26 მარ 2026

LOW RISK 2.5/10 How?

This ingredient is classified as unclassified risk (GIRI score: 2.5/10).

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

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Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

Cayenne pepper contains capsaicin and is used for pain relief and metabolic support. Oral supplementation commonly causes GI burning, heartburn, and irritation of mucous membranes. It can interact with ACE inhibitors (persistent cough), anticoagulants, and aspirin. High doses may cause stomach ulcers. Safe for most adults at moderate dietary amounts but problematic at high supplemental doses.

Scientific Name: Capsicum annuum

Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.

SETI Score 50/100

Risk Level High risk

Scientific Confidence Low

Evidence Strength Limited

Key Benefit Botanical

Evidence Reviewed 10 PubMed studies

Scientific Confidence Low

Based on study quality, consistency, and recency

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

SETI Score 50/100

Risk Level High risk

Evidence Strength Limited

Main Benefit Botanical

Ingredient Cayenne Pepper

Scientific name Capsicum annuum

Scientific Evidence Overview

10 studies reviewed
0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
Main clinical benefit observed: Botanical
Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)

Safety Signals

No significant safety signals identified in the reviewed literature.

Evidence Strength Limited

Final Scientific Assessment

The available scientific evidence for Cayenne Pepper indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.

Ingredient Cayenne Pepper

Evidence reviewed 10 peer-reviewed studies (last 10 years)

Scientific name Capsicum annuum

50 /100

Total SETI Score

High risk

Evidence quality	10/40
Evidence consistency	20/20
Safety signals	0/20
Study recency	10/10
Evidence transparency	10/10

Evidence Summary

10 studies reviewed
0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)

Evidence Policy

Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.

Last updated: 26 მარ 2026, 14:25

Evidence Distribution

10 Other / unclassified

Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Comparative analysis of fungal microbiomes in Korean and Chinese chili pepper powders. ↗

PMID 41882509 ↗

Journal J Sci Food Agric

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41882509/

Seo JH et al.. Comparative analysis of fungal microbiomes in Korean and Chinese chili pepper powders.. J Sci Food Agric. 2026. PMID:41882509.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Temperature stress induced anatomical and histological alterations in reproductive organs of Capsicum annuum L. ↗

PMID 41866409 ↗

Journal Protoplasma

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41866409/

Manoharan S et al.. Temperature stress induced anatomical and histological alterations in reproductive organs of Capsicum annuum L.. Protoplasma. 2026. PMID:41866409.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
An RGLG E3 Ubiquitin Ligase CaSIRE1 Negatively Regulates ABA-Dependent Drought Tolerance by Destabilizing CaSAP14 in Pepper. ↗

PMID 41844521 ↗

Journal Plant Cell Environ

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41844521/

Choi H et al.. An RGLG E3 Ubiquitin Ligase CaSIRE1 Negatively Regulates ABA-Dependent Drought Tolerance by Destabilizing CaSAP14 in Pepper.. Plant Cell Environ. 2026. PMID:41844521.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Phytomedicines and conventional drugs in scabies management. ↗

PMID 41835968 ↗

Journal GMS Hyg Infect Control

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41835968/

Hoque M. Phytomedicines and conventional drugs in scabies management.. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2026. PMID:41835968.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Transcriptome profiling reveals tissue-wide gene expression in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under infection by Phytophthora capsici. ↗

PMID 41835262 ↗

Journal Front Plant Sci

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41835262/

Lozada DN et al.. Transcriptome profiling reveals tissue-wide gene expression in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under infection by Phytophthora capsici.. Front Plant Sci. 2026. PMID:41835262.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Harnessing the multifunctional bioagent Streptomyces sp. SP5 for Fusarium wilt suppression, metabolite-mediated antioxidant activity, and plant growth promotion. ↗

PMID 41832300 ↗

Journal Sci Rep

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41832300/

Devi S et al.. Harnessing the multifunctional bioagent Streptomyces sp. SP5 for Fusarium wilt suppression, metabolite-mediated antioxidant activity, and plant growth promotion.. Sci Rep. 2026. PMID:41832300.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
ATAC-Seq and Transcriptomics Reveal Mechanisms of Waterlogging Tolerance and Identify CaMYB96 as a Key Positive Regulator in Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum Var.… ↗

PMID 41830907 ↗

Journal J Agric Food Chem

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41830907/

Yang L et al.. ATAC-Seq and Transcriptomics Reveal Mechanisms of Waterlogging Tolerance and Identify CaMYB96 as a Key Positive Regulator in Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum Var. conoides).. J Agric Food Chem. 2026. PMID:41830907.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Evaluation of gamma irradiation on the microbiological, phytochemicals, and aromatic profiles of sun-bleached preserved pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). ↗

PMID 41830890 ↗

Journal Food Chem

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41830890/

Ouyang M et al.. Evaluation of gamma irradiation on the microbiological, phytochemicals, and aromatic profiles of sun-bleached preserved pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).. Food Chem. 2026. PMID:41830890.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Unravelling the genetics of heat-responsive fruit traits in pepper [Capsicum annuum L.] via GWAS under subtropical climates. ↗

PMID 41820840 ↗

Journal BMC Plant Biol

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41820840/

Yogananda M et al.. Unravelling the genetics of heat-responsive fruit traits in pepper [Capsicum annuum L.] via GWAS under subtropical climates.. BMC Plant Biol. 2026. PMID:41820840.
Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOW
Zinc Sulfate-Mediated Modulation of Growth, Physiology, Yield, and Metabolome in Capsicum annuum L. Under Salinity Stress. ↗

PMID 41808264 ↗

Journal Physiol Plant

Year 2026

Study type Observational / other

Evidence strength LOW evidence

PubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41808264/

Singh A et al.. Zinc Sulfate-Mediated Modulation of Growth, Physiology, Yield, and Metabolome in Capsicum annuum L. Under Salinity Stress.. Physiol Plant. 2026. PMID:41808264.

Q × L × D × S × 10 = 2.5 / 10

The GIRI Score is the product of four independently computed evidence components, each normalised to 0–1, then scaled to 0–10. Every component is derived exclusively from peer-reviewed references and regulatory data — no editorial judgement is applied.

0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.

Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)

50%

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies

Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.

Benefit

Risk

50%

Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals

Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.

50%

One or more monitoring-level safety signals active

Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.

0Q × 5L × 5D × 5S = 2.5 / 10

Final GIRI Score for Cayenne Pepper. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

Full methodology & data sources

The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.

References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.

LOW RISK 2.5/10

Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a low safety concern under normal conditions of use.

LOW
0–3.0

MODERATE
3.0–5.5

HIGH
5.5–7.5

CRITICAL
7.5–10

2.5

The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.

What drove the Low classification for Cayenne Pepper

A score of 2.5 places this ingredient in the Low band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.

0 approved references.

Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).

Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.

No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.

No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).

How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?

The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:

Level	Score	Meaning
LOW	0.0 – 2.9	Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts.
MODERATE	3.0 – 5.4	Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups.
HIGH	5.5 – 7.4	Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended.
CRITICAL	7.5 – 10	Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision.

Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.

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Cayenne Pepper

Safety Profile

Interactions

Evidence and Scientific Findings

Ingredient Overview

Biological and Chemical Classification

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness

Pharmacokinetics

Recommended Dosage

SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index

Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment

Evidence Summary

Evidence Policy

Evidence Distribution

Score Transparency

Risk Level Classification

What drove the Low classification for Cayenne Pepper

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