Safety Profile
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Interactions
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Evidence and Scientific Findings
Ingredient Overview
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) contains thujone and absinthin with antiparasitic and digestive bitter properties. Thujone is a GABA-A receptor antagonist and neurotoxin at high doses — capable of causing seizures, hallucinations, and kidney damage. The EU limits thujone in food products to 10 mg/kg. Avoid prolonged use (>4 weeks). Do not use during pregnancy (uterotonic and abortifacient). Contraindicated in epilepsy, kidney or liver disease. Interactions with seizure threshold-lowering drugs. Only standardised, low-thujone extracts should be used supplementally.
Biological and Chemical Classification
- Scientific Name
- Artemisia absinthium
Mechanism of Action
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Pharmacokinetics
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Recommended Dosage
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index
Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment
- 10 studies reviewed
- 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
- Main clinical benefit observed: Botanical
- Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)
- No significant safety signals identified in the reviewed literature.
The available scientific evidence for Wormwood indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.
Total SETI Score
High risk| Evidence quality | 10/40 |
| Evidence consistency | 20/20 |
| Safety signals | 0/20 |
| Study recency | 10/10 |
| Evidence transparency | 10/10 |
Evidence Summary
- 10 studies reviewed
- 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
- 0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
- 10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)
Evidence Policy
Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.
Last updated: 06 აპრ 2026, 12:09
Evidence Distribution
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWArtemisia absinthium attenuates hepatic fibrosis in mice by suppressing hepatic stellate cells activation and modulating inflammatory chemokine signaling. ↗Manzoor R et al.. Artemisia absinthium attenuates hepatic fibrosis in mice by suppressing hepatic stellate cells activation and modulating inflammatory chemokine signaling.. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2026. PMID:41849079.PMID 41849079 ↗Journal Cell Biochem BiophysYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41849079/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWEvaluation of Repellent Activity of an Artemisia absinthium L.-Based Topical Formulation Against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. ↗Shahabuddin F et al.. Evaluation of Repellent Activity of an Artemisia absinthium L.-Based Topical Formulation Against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti.. Altern Ther Health Med. 2026. PMID:41698022.PMID 41698022 ↗Journal Altern Ther Health MedYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41698022/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWIn-silico evaluation of the efficacy of essential oils from Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia herba-alba, and Artemisia annua against SARS-CoV-2. ↗Bouzerea N et al.. In-silico evaluation of the efficacy of essential oils from Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia herba-alba, and Artemisia annua against SARS-CoV-2.. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2026. PMID:41684177.PMID 41684177 ↗Journal Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)Year 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41684177/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWDifferential effects of biologically and chemically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on artemisinin biosynthesis gene expression in Artemisia absinthium. ↗Mahjouri S et al.. Differential effects of biologically and chemically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on artemisinin biosynthesis gene expression in Artemisia absinthium.. Sci Rep. 2026. PMID:41644687.PMID 41644687 ↗Journal Sci RepYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41644687/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWNatural Essential Oils as Promising Antimicrobial Agents to Improve Food Safety: Mechanistic Insights Against Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated from… ↗Gharbi M et al.. Natural Essential Oils as Promising Antimicrobial Agents to Improve Food Safety: Mechanistic Insights Against Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated from Tunisia.. Foods. 2026. PMID:41596906.PMID 41596906 ↗Journal FoodsYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41596906/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWBacteriostatic Effect of Some Plant Extracts Against Crown Gall Caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens L. ↗Jacek B et al.. Bacteriostatic Effect of Some Plant Extracts Against Crown Gall Caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens L.. Int J Mol Sci. 2026. PMID:41596362.PMID 41596362 ↗Journal Int J Mol SciYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41596362/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWAlginate-Based Beads Containing Artemisia absinthium L. Extract as Innovative Ingredients for Baked Products. ↗Candiani A et al.. Alginate-Based Beads Containing Artemisia absinthium L. Extract as Innovative Ingredients for Baked Products.. Gels. 2026. PMID:41590070.PMID 41590070 ↗Journal GelsYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41590070/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWEffect of herbal preparation Artemisia absinthium on honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae microsporidia under laboratory conditions. ↗Zinatullina ZY et al.. Effect of herbal preparation Artemisia absinthium on honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae microsporidia under laboratory conditions.. Open Vet J. 2025. PMID:41630729.PMID 41630729 ↗Journal Open Vet JYear 2025Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41630729/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWEffectiveness of Repellent Plants for Controlling Potato Tuber Moth (Symmetrischema tangolias) in the Andean Highlands. ↗Villanueva A et al.. Effectiveness of Repellent Plants for Controlling Potato Tuber Moth (Symmetrischema tangolias) in the Andean Highlands.. Insects. 2025. PMID:41598878.PMID 41598878 ↗Journal InsectsYear 2025Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41598878/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWData-Driven Optimization of Polyphenol Recovery and Antioxidant Capacity from Medicinal Herbs Using Chemometrics and HPLC Profiling for Functional Food Applications. ↗Athanasiadis V et al.. Data-Driven Optimization of Polyphenol Recovery and Antioxidant Capacity from Medicinal Herbs Using Chemometrics and HPLC Profiling for Functional Food Applications.. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. PMID:41516188.PMID 41516188 ↗Journal Int J Mol SciYear 2025Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41516188/
Score Transparency
0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.
Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)
Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies
Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.
Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals
Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.
One or more monitoring-level safety signals active
Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.
Final GIRI Score for Wormwood. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.
Full methodology & data sources
The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.
- References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
- Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
- Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
- Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
Risk Level Classification
Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a high safety concern. Its use in dietary supplements is associated with documented adverse events.
0–3.0
3.0–5.5
5.5–7.5
7.5–10
The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.
What drove the High classification for Wormwood
A score of 6.5 places this ingredient in the High band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.
0 approved references.
Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).
Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.
No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.
No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).
How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?
The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:
| Level | Score | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| LOW | 0.0 – 2.9 | Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts. |
| MODERATE | 3.0 – 5.4 | Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups. |
| HIGH | 5.5 – 7.4 | Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended. |
| CRITICAL | 7.5 – 10 | Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision. |
Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.