Safety Profile
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Interactions
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Evidence and Scientific Findings
Ingredient Overview
Black pepper extract standardised for piperine (e.g. BioPerine) is used to enhance bioavailability of other supplements by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic metabolism. This same mechanism can significantly increase blood levels of many medications including anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, anticonvulsants, and chemotherapy drugs — creating unpredictable drug interactions. People on any prescription medication should consult a physician before taking piperine-containing supplements.
Biological and Chemical Classification
- Scientific Name
- Piper nigrum
Mechanism of Action
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Clinical Evidence of Effectiveness
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Pharmacokinetics
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
Recommended Dosage
Information not yet available for this ingredient profile.
SETI — Scientific Evidence Transparency Index
Executive Summary — Ingredient Assessment
- 10 studies reviewed
- 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or RCT)
- Main clinical benefit observed: Specialty
- Evidence consistency: High consistency across studies (100%)
- No significant safety signals identified in the reviewed literature.
The available scientific evidence for Pepper Fruit Extract indicates notable safety signals that warrant caution. Use should be considered carefully and monitored, particularly in sensitive populations or alongside other medications.
Total SETI Score
High risk| Evidence quality | 10/40 |
| Evidence consistency | 20/20 |
| Safety signals | 0/20 |
| Study recency | 10/10 |
| Evidence transparency | 10/10 |
Evidence Summary
- 10 studies reviewed
- 0 high-quality studies (meta-analysis or systematic review)
- 0 studies identified benefits or no safety concern (GREEN)
- 10 studies reported limited or advisory safety evidence (YELLOW)
Evidence Policy
Only peer-reviewed scientific literature indexed in PubMed or comparable databases is included in this evaluation. Commercial websites, blogs, and marketing materials are excluded. All references include direct traceable links to source documents.
Last updated: 06 აპრ 2026, 12:13
Evidence Distribution
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWPharmacological evaluation of selected medicinal plant extracts against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: implications for inflammation-associated respiratory infections. ↗Afzal A. Pharmacological evaluation of selected medicinal plant extracts against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: implications for inflammation-associated respiratory infections.. Inflammopharmacology. 2026. PMID:41936651.PMID 41936651 ↗Journal InflammopharmacologyYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41936651/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWOvercoming multidrug resistance Acinetobacter baumanii via downregulated virulence factor genes by green fabricated silver Nanoparticles mediated Piper nigrum. ↗Mahmood BS et al.. Overcoming multidrug resistance Acinetobacter baumanii via downregulated virulence factor genes by green fabricated silver Nanoparticles mediated Piper nigrum.. Sci Rep. 2026. PMID:41936595.PMID 41936595 ↗Journal Sci RepYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41936595/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWIn Vitro Evaluation of the Bioactive Potential of Commercial Pepper Essential Oils. ↗Fratianni F et al.. In Vitro Evaluation of the Bioactive Potential of Commercial Pepper Essential Oils.. Molecules. 2026. PMID:41828822.PMID 41828822 ↗Journal MoleculesYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41828822/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWPiperine-induced AMPK activation and cell cycle arrest: insights from molecular simulations and experimental validation in breast cancer. ↗Jan I et al.. Piperine-induced AMPK activation and cell cycle arrest: insights from molecular simulations and experimental validation in breast cancer.. Med Oncol. 2026. PMID:41774315.PMID 41774315 ↗Journal Med OncolYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41774315/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWPiperine inhibits biofilm formation in co-cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. ↗Das S et al.. Piperine inhibits biofilm formation in co-cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.. Biofouling. 2026. PMID:41757472.PMID 41757472 ↗Journal BiofoulingYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41757472/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWRapid Detection of Black Pepper Adulteration with Endogenous and Exogenous Materials: Assessment of Benchtop and Handheld Infrared Spectrometers. ↗Rentz P et al.. Rapid Detection of Black Pepper Adulteration with Endogenous and Exogenous Materials: Assessment of Benchtop and Handheld Infrared Spectrometers.. Foods. 2026. PMID:41750946.PMID 41750946 ↗Journal FoodsYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750946/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWIdentification and characterization of Fusarium species associated with collar rot and yellowing of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). ↗Biju CN et al.. Identification and characterization of Fusarium species associated with collar rot and yellowing of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.).. 3 Biotech. 2026. PMID:41710479.PMID 41710479 ↗Journal 3 BiotechYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41710479/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWNanocarrier-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Piperine: Expanding the Therapeutic Spectrum of a Multifaceted Bioactive Compound. ↗Tripathi D et al.. Nanocarrier-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Piperine: Expanding the Therapeutic Spectrum of a Multifaceted Bioactive Compound.. Med Chem. 2026. PMID:41691681.PMID 41691681 ↗Journal Med ChemYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41691681/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWAnti-inflammatory Amide-Alkaloid Dimers from the Roots of Piper nigrum L.: Feature-Guided Discovery and Photocatalytic Synthesis. ↗Xu ZY et al.. Anti-inflammatory Amide-Alkaloid Dimers from the Roots of Piper nigrum L.: Feature-Guided Discovery and Photocatalytic Synthesis.. J Agric Food Chem. 2026. PMID:41665015.PMID 41665015 ↗Journal J Agric Food ChemYear 2026Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41665015/
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Observational / other LOW evidence YELLOWA randomized, double-blind, controlled study on the efficacy of an oral dietary supplement containing fish oil, ASU and phytotherapeutic extracts in canine… ↗Palumbo Piccionello A et al.. A randomized, double-blind, controlled study on the efficacy of an oral dietary supplement containing fish oil, ASU and phytotherapeutic extracts in canine osteoarthritis.. Front Vet Sci. 2025. PMID:41737916.PMID 41737916 ↗Journal Front Vet SciYear 2025Study type Observational / otherEvidence strength LOW evidencePubMed link https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41737916/
Score Transparency
0 of 10 approved references (score saturates at 10). More peer-reviewed studies = stronger evidence base.
Method: Q = number of approved references ÷ 10 (capped at 1.0)
Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies
Method: L = mean study-level weight across approved references. Level 1 (meta-analysis / systematic review) = 1.0; Level 2 (RCT) = 0.8; Level 3 (cohort/case-control) = 0.6; Level 4 (case report) = 0.4; Level 5 (animal / in-vitro) = 0.2.
Mixed or neutral — roughly equal benefit and risk signals
Method: D = (sum of risk-scored references − sum of benefit-scored references) ÷ total evidence score, then scaled from [−1, 1] to [0, 1]. 0.0 = pure benefit; 0.5 = neutral; 1.0 = pure risk.
One or more monitoring-level safety signals active
Method: S = 0.5 (neutral baseline) + sum of active signal severity deltas ÷ 10. Severity deltas: Critical = +2.0, High = +1.5, Moderate = +1.0, Low = +0.5. Capped at 1.0.
Final GIRI Score for Pepper Fruit Extract. Risk level thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.
Full methodology & data sources
The GIRI Score is computed entirely from structured data — no editorial scoring or subjective weighting is applied at any step.
- References: Only approved references are counted. Each reference is assigned an evidence level (L1–L5) and a direction (risk / neutral / benefit) by the reference manager or AI classifier.
- Safety Signals: Sourced from regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others) and pharmacovigilance databases. Only active signals count toward the score.
- Formula version: GIRI Score v3.7.0 — Q × L × D × S × 10.
- Limitations: The score reflects published evidence and recorded signals as of the last update date. It is not a clinical risk assessment and should not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
Risk Level Classification
Based on available regulatory signals and scientific evidence, this ingredient presents a moderate safety concern. Caution is advised, particularly at high doses or in sensitive populations.
0–3.0
3.0–5.5
5.5–7.5
7.5–10
The score pin shows exactly where this ingredient falls on the fixed risk scale.
What drove the Moderate classification for Pepper Fruit Extract
A score of 3.5 places this ingredient in the Moderate band. Thresholds: Low 0–3.0 · Moderate 3.0–5.5 · High 5.5–7.5 · Critical 7.5–10.
0 approved references.
Limited — mostly case reports or animal studies (Level 4–5).
Neutral or mixed — benefit and risk signals roughly balanced.
No active signals — S component is at neutral baseline (0.5), contributing no extra risk weight.
No major regulatory restrictions or advisories recorded across monitored jurisdictions (FDA, EMA, Health Canada, TGA, and others).
How are the Low / Moderate / High / Critical thresholds defined?
The four risk levels are fixed score bands. A score is assigned to exactly one level based on where it falls:
| Level | Score | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| LOW | 0.0 – 2.9 | Sparse or predominantly beneficial evidence. No active safety alerts. |
| MODERATE | 3.0 – 5.4 | Mixed signals — some risk alongside benefit. Caution at high doses or in sensitive groups. |
| HIGH | 5.5 – 7.4 | Multiple studies or regulatory alerts documenting adverse effects. Professional oversight recommended. |
| CRITICAL | 7.5 – 10 | Regulatory restrictions in one or more major jurisdictions. Serious documented harm. Avoid without specialist supervision. |
Thresholds are fixed constants (GIRI_Score_Utils::LEVEL_THRESHOLDS). They do not change per ingredient and are never subject to editorial adjustment.